runs

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/target

Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+[package]
+name = "minimal-viable-game-engine"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["mitchellhansen <mitchellhansen0@gmail.com>"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+
+[dependencies]
+wgpu = "0.6.0"
+arrayvec = "0.5"
+futures = "0.3"
+parking_lot = "0.11"
+raw-window-handle = "0.3"
+smallvec = "1"
+tracing = { version = "0.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+typed-arena = "2.0.1"
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"], optional = true }
+gfx-backend-vulkan = { version = "0.6", features = ["x11"] }
+cgmath = "0.17"
+log = "0.4"
+png = "0.16"
+winit = { version = "0.22.1", features = ["web-sys"] }
+rand = { version = "0.7.2", features = ["wasm-bindgen"] }
+bytemuck = "1"
+noise = "0.6"
+ddsfile = "0.4"
+wgpu-subscriber = "0.1.0"
+
+
+
+
+

readme.md

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# Can I create the 4-5 interconnected components for a minimal viable game engine?
-
-probably not

resources/bake.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#version 450
+
+void main() {
+}

shadow/README.md

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# shadow
-
-This animated example demonstrates shadow mapping.
-
-## To Run
-
-```
-cargo run --example shadow
-```
-
-## Screenshots
-
-![Shadow mapping](./screenshot.png)

src/framework.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+use futures::task::LocalSpawn;
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+use winit::{
+    event::{self, WindowEvent},
+    event_loop::{ControlFlow, EventLoop},
+};
+use wgpu_subscriber;
+
+#[cfg_attr(rustfmt, rustfmt_skip)]
+#[allow(unused)]
+pub const OPENGL_TO_WGPU_MATRIX: cgmath::Matrix4<f32> = cgmath::Matrix4::new(
+    1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
+    0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
+    0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0,
+    0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0,
+);
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub fn cast_slice<T>(data: &[T]) -> &[u8] {
+    use std::{mem::size_of, slice::from_raw_parts};
+
+    unsafe { from_raw_parts(data.as_ptr() as *const u8, data.len() * size_of::<T>()) }
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub enum ShaderStage {
+    Vertex,
+    Fragment,
+    Compute,
+}
+
+pub trait Example: 'static + Sized {
+    fn optional_features() -> wgpu::Features {
+        wgpu::Features::empty()
+    }
+    fn required_features() -> wgpu::Features {
+        wgpu::Features::empty()
+    }
+    fn required_limits() -> wgpu::Limits {
+        wgpu::Limits::default()
+    }
+    fn init(
+        sc_desc: &wgpu::SwapChainDescriptor,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+    ) -> Self;
+    fn resize(
+        &mut self,
+        sc_desc: &wgpu::SwapChainDescriptor,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+    );
+    fn update(&mut self, event: WindowEvent);
+    fn render(
+        &mut self,
+        frame: &wgpu::SwapChainTexture,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+        spawner: &impl LocalSpawn,
+    );
+}
+
+struct Setup {
+    window: winit::window::Window,
+    event_loop: EventLoop<()>,
+    instance: wgpu::Instance,
+    size: winit::dpi::PhysicalSize<u32>,
+    surface: wgpu::Surface,
+    adapter: wgpu::Adapter,
+    device: wgpu::Device,
+    queue: wgpu::Queue,
+}
+
+async fn setup<E: Example>(title: &str) -> Setup {
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        let chrome_tracing_dir = std::env::var("WGPU_CHROME_TRACE");
+        wgpu_subscriber::initialize_default_subscriber(
+            chrome_tracing_dir.as_ref().map(std::path::Path::new).ok(),
+        );
+    };
+
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    console_log::init().expect("could not initialize logger");
+
+    let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
+    let mut builder = winit::window::WindowBuilder::new();
+    builder = builder.with_title(title);
+    #[cfg(windows_OFF)] // TODO
+    {
+        use winit::platform::windows::WindowBuilderExtWindows;
+        builder = builder.with_no_redirection_bitmap(true);
+    }
+    let window = builder.build(&event_loop).unwrap();
+
+    log::info!("Initializing the surface...");
+
+    let instance = wgpu::Instance::new(wgpu::BackendBit::PRIMARY);
+    let (size, surface) = unsafe {
+        let size = window.inner_size();
+        let surface = instance.create_surface(&window);
+        (size, surface)
+    };
+
+    let adapter = instance
+        .request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions {
+            power_preference: wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
+            compatible_surface: Some(&surface),
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let optional_features = E::optional_features();
+    let required_features = E::required_features();
+    let adapter_features = adapter.features();
+    assert!(
+        adapter_features.contains(required_features),
+        "Adapter does not support required features for this example: {:?}",
+        required_features - adapter_features
+    );
+
+    let needed_limits = E::required_limits();
+
+    let trace_dir = std::env::var("WGPU_TRACE");
+    let (device, queue) = adapter
+        .request_device(
+            &wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
+                features: (optional_features & adapter_features) | required_features,
+                limits: needed_limits,
+                shader_validation: true,
+            },
+            trace_dir.ok().as_ref().map(std::path::Path::new),
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    Setup {
+        window,
+        event_loop,
+        instance,
+        size,
+        surface,
+        adapter,
+        device,
+        queue,
+    }
+}
+
+fn start<E: Example>(
+    Setup {
+        window,
+        event_loop,
+        instance,
+        size,
+        surface,
+        adapter,
+        device,
+        queue,
+    }: Setup,
+) {
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    let (mut pool, spawner) = {
+        let local_pool = futures::executor::LocalPool::new();
+        let spawner = local_pool.spawner();
+        (local_pool, spawner)
+    };
+
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    let spawner = {
+        use futures::{future::LocalFutureObj, task::SpawnError};
+        use winit::platform::web::WindowExtWebSys;
+
+        struct WebSpawner {}
+        impl LocalSpawn for WebSpawner {
+            fn spawn_local_obj(
+                &self,
+                future: LocalFutureObj<'static, ()>,
+            ) -> Result<(), SpawnError> {
+                Ok(wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(future))
+            }
+        }
+
+        std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(console_error_panic_hook::hook));
+
+        // On wasm, append the canvas to the document body
+        web_sys::window()
+            .and_then(|win| win.document())
+            .and_then(|doc| doc.body())
+            .and_then(|body| {
+                body.append_child(&web_sys::Element::from(window.canvas()))
+                    .ok()
+            })
+            .expect("couldn't append canvas to document body");
+
+        WebSpawner {}
+    };
+
+    let mut sc_desc = wgpu::SwapChainDescriptor {
+        usage: wgpu::TextureUsage::OUTPUT_ATTACHMENT,
+        // TODO: Allow srgb unconditionally
+        format: if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
+            wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm
+        } else {
+            wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb
+        },
+        width: size.width,
+        height: size.height,
+        present_mode: wgpu::PresentMode::Mailbox,
+    };
+    let mut swap_chain = device.create_swap_chain(&surface, &sc_desc);
+
+    log::info!("Initializing the example...");
+    let mut example = E::init(&sc_desc, &device, &queue);
+
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    let mut last_update_inst = Instant::now();
+
+    log::info!("Entering render loop...");
+    event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
+        let _ = (&instance, &adapter); // force ownership by the closure
+        *control_flow = if cfg!(feature = "metal-auto-capture") {
+            ControlFlow::Exit
+        } else {
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            {
+                ControlFlow::WaitUntil(Instant::now() + Duration::from_millis(10))
+            }
+            #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+            {
+                ControlFlow::Poll
+            }
+        };
+        match event {
+            event::Event::MainEventsCleared => {
+                #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+                {
+                    if last_update_inst.elapsed() > Duration::from_millis(20) {
+                        window.request_redraw();
+                        last_update_inst = Instant::now();
+                    }
+
+                    pool.run_until_stalled();
+                }
+
+                #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+                window.request_redraw();
+            }
+            event::Event::WindowEvent {
+                event: WindowEvent::Resized(size),
+                ..
+            } => {
+                log::info!("Resizing to {:?}", size);
+                sc_desc.width = size.width;
+                sc_desc.height = size.height;
+                example.resize(&sc_desc, &device, &queue);
+                swap_chain = device.create_swap_chain(&surface, &sc_desc);
+            }
+            event::Event::WindowEvent { event, .. } => match event {
+                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                    input:
+                        event::KeyboardInput {
+                            virtual_keycode: Some(event::VirtualKeyCode::Escape),
+                            state: event::ElementState::Pressed,
+                            ..
+                        },
+                    ..
+                }
+                | WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
+                    *control_flow = ControlFlow::Exit;
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    example.update(event);
+                }
+            },
+            event::Event::RedrawRequested(_) => {
+                let frame = match swap_chain.get_current_frame() {
+                    Ok(frame) => frame,
+                    Err(_) => {
+                        swap_chain = device.create_swap_chain(&surface, &sc_desc);
+                        swap_chain
+                            .get_current_frame()
+                            .expect("Failed to acquire next swap chain texture!")
+                    }
+                };
+
+                example.render(&frame.output, &device, &queue, &spawner);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub fn run<E: Example>(title: &str) {
+    let setup = futures::executor::block_on(setup::<E>(title));
+    start::<E>(setup);
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+pub fn run<E: Example>(title: &str) {
+    let title = title.to_owned();
+    wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(async move {
+        let setup = setup::<E>(&title).await;
+        start::<E>(setup);
+    });
+}
+
+// This allows treating the framework as a standalone example,
+// thus avoiding listing the example names in `Cargo.toml`.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn main() {}

src/main.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,26 @@
 use std::{iter, mem, num::NonZeroU32, ops::Range, rc::Rc};
 
-#[path = "../framework.rs"]
+extern crate winit;
+
+#[path = "framework.rs"]
 mod framework;
 
+
+
 use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};
 use wgpu::util::DeviceExt;
 
 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Pod, Zeroable)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+
 struct Vertex {
     _pos: [i8; 4],
     _normal: [i8; 4],
 }
 
+unsafe impl Pod for Vertex {}
+unsafe impl Zeroable for Vertex {}
+
 fn vertex(pos: [i8; 3], nor: [i8; 3]) -> Vertex {
     Vertex {
         _pos: [pos[0], pos[1], pos[2], 1],
@@ -85,9 +93,9 @@ struct Entity {
     color: wgpu::Color,
     vertex_buf: Rc<wgpu::Buffer>,
     index_buf: Rc<wgpu::Buffer>,
-    index_format: wgpu::IndexFormat,
     index_count: usize,
-    uniform_offset: wgpu::DynamicOffset,
+    bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
+    uniform_buf: wgpu::Buffer,
 }
 
 struct Light {
@@ -99,13 +107,16 @@ struct Light {
 }
 
 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Pod, Zeroable)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct LightRaw {
     proj: [[f32; 4]; 4],
     pos: [f32; 4],
     color: [f32; 4],
 }
 
+unsafe impl Pod for LightRaw {}
+unsafe impl Zeroable for LightRaw {}
+
 impl Light {
     fn to_raw(&self) -> LightRaw {
         use cgmath::{Deg, EuclideanSpace, Matrix4, PerspectiveFov, Point3, Vector3};
@@ -134,19 +145,25 @@ impl Light {
 }
 
 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Pod, Zeroable)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct ForwardUniforms {
     proj: [[f32; 4]; 4],
     num_lights: [u32; 4],
 }
 
+unsafe impl Pod for ForwardUniforms {}
+unsafe impl Zeroable for ForwardUniforms {}
+
 #[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Pod, Zeroable)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct EntityUniforms {
     model: [[f32; 4]; 4],
     color: [f32; 4],
 }
 
+unsafe impl Pod for EntityUniforms {}
+unsafe impl Zeroable for EntityUniforms {}
+
 #[repr(C)]
 struct ShadowUniforms {
     proj: [[f32; 4]; 4],
@@ -165,9 +182,7 @@ struct Example {
     shadow_pass: Pass,
     forward_pass: Pass,
     forward_depth: wgpu::TextureView,
-    entity_bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
     light_uniform_buf: wgpu::Buffer,
-    entity_uniform_buf: wgpu::Buffer,
 }
 
 impl Example {
@@ -234,6 +249,53 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
             usage: wgpu::BufferUsage::INDEX,
         });
 
+        let entity_uniform_size = mem::size_of::<EntityUniforms>() as wgpu::BufferAddress;
+        let plane_uniform_buf = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+            label: None,
+            size: entity_uniform_size,
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsage::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsage::COPY_DST,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        });
+
+        let local_bind_group_layout =
+            device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+                entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                    binding: 0,
+                    visibility: wgpu::ShaderStage::VERTEX | wgpu::ShaderStage::FRAGMENT,
+                    ty: wgpu::BindingType::UniformBuffer {
+                        dynamic: false,
+                        min_binding_size: wgpu::BufferSize::new(
+                            mem::size_of::<EntityUniforms>() as _
+                        ),
+                    },
+                    count: None,
+                }],
+                label: None,
+            });
+
+        let mut entities = vec![{
+            use cgmath::SquareMatrix;
+
+            let bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+                layout: &local_bind_group_layout,
+                entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                    binding: 0,
+                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Buffer(plane_uniform_buf.slice(..)),
+                }],
+                label: None,
+            });
+            Entity {
+                mx_world: cgmath::Matrix4::identity(),
+                rotation_speed: 0.0,
+                color: wgpu::Color::WHITE,
+                vertex_buf: Rc::new(plane_vertex_buf),
+                index_buf: Rc::new(plane_index_buf),
+                index_count: plane_index_data.len(),
+                bind_group,
+                uniform_buf: plane_uniform_buf,
+            }
+        }];
+
         struct CubeDesc {
             offset: cgmath::Vector3<f32>,
             angle: f32,
@@ -267,34 +329,7 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
             },
         ];
 
-        let entity_uniform_size = mem::size_of::<EntityUniforms>() as wgpu::BufferAddress;
+        for cube in &cube_descs {
-        let num_entities = 1 + cube_descs.len() as wgpu::BufferAddress;
-        assert!(entity_uniform_size <= wgpu::BIND_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT);
-        //Note: dynamic offsets also have to be aligned to `BIND_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT`.
-        let entity_uniform_buf = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
-            label: None,
-            size: num_entities * wgpu::BIND_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT,
-            usage: wgpu::BufferUsage::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsage::COPY_DST,
-            mapped_at_creation: false,
-        });
-
-        let index_format = wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16;
-
-        let mut entities = vec![{
-            use cgmath::SquareMatrix;
-            Entity {
-                mx_world: cgmath::Matrix4::identity(),
-                rotation_speed: 0.0,
-                color: wgpu::Color::WHITE,
-                vertex_buf: Rc::new(plane_vertex_buf),
-                index_buf: Rc::new(plane_index_buf),
-                index_format,
-                index_count: plane_index_data.len(),
-                uniform_offset: 0,
-            }
-        }];
-
-        for (i, cube) in cube_descs.iter().enumerate() {
             use cgmath::{Decomposed, Deg, InnerSpace, Quaternion, Rotation3};
 
             let transform = Decomposed {
@@ -302,45 +337,31 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                 rot: Quaternion::from_axis_angle(cube.offset.normalize(), Deg(cube.angle)),
                 scale: cube.scale,
             };
+            let uniform_buf = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+                label: None,
+                size: entity_uniform_size,
+                usage: wgpu::BufferUsage::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsage::COPY_DST,
+                mapped_at_creation: false,
+            });
             entities.push(Entity {
                 mx_world: cgmath::Matrix4::from(transform),
                 rotation_speed: cube.rotation,
                 color: wgpu::Color::GREEN,
                 vertex_buf: Rc::clone(&cube_vertex_buf),
                 index_buf: Rc::clone(&cube_index_buf),
-                index_format,
                 index_count: cube_index_data.len(),
-                uniform_offset: ((i + 1) * wgpu::BIND_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT as usize) as _,
+                bind_group: device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+                    layout: &local_bind_group_layout,
+                    entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                        binding: 0,
+                        resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Buffer(uniform_buf.slice(..)),
+                    }],
+                    label: None,
+                }),
+                uniform_buf,
             });
         }
 
-        let local_bind_group_layout =
-            device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
-                entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                    binding: 0,
-                    visibility: wgpu::ShaderStage::VERTEX | wgpu::ShaderStage::FRAGMENT,
-                    ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
-                        ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
-                        has_dynamic_offset: true,
-                        min_binding_size: wgpu::BufferSize::new(entity_uniform_size),
-                    },
-                    count: None,
-                }],
-                label: None,
-            });
-        let entity_bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
-            layout: &local_bind_group_layout,
-            entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
-                binding: 0,
-                resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Buffer {
-                    buffer: &entity_uniform_buf,
-                    offset: 0,
-                    size: wgpu::BufferSize::new(entity_uniform_size),
-                },
-            }],
-            label: None,
-        });
-
         // Create other resources
         let shadow_sampler = device.create_sampler(&wgpu::SamplerDescriptor {
             label: Some("shadow"),
@@ -360,7 +381,7 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
             sample_count: 1,
             dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
             format: Self::SHADOW_FORMAT,
-            usage: wgpu::TextureUsage::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsage::SAMPLED,
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsage::OUTPUT_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsage::SAMPLED,
             label: None,
         });
         let shadow_view = shadow_texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
@@ -432,9 +453,8 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                     entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                         binding: 0, // global
                         visibility: wgpu::ShaderStage::VERTEX,
-                        ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        ty: wgpu::BindingType::UniformBuffer {
-                            ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                            dynamic: false,
-                            has_dynamic_offset: false,
                             min_binding_size: wgpu::BufferSize::new(uniform_size),
                         },
                         count: None,
@@ -458,13 +478,14 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                 layout: &bind_group_layout,
                 entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
                     binding: 0,
-                    resource: uniform_buf.as_entire_binding(),
+                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Buffer(uniform_buf.slice(..)),
                 }],
                 label: None,
             });
 
             // Create the render pipeline
-            let vs_module = device.create_shader_module(&wgpu::include_spirv!("bake.vert.spv"));
+            let vs_module = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::include_spirv!("../resources/bake.vert.spv"));
+            let fs_module = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::include_spirv!("../resources/bake.frag.spv"));
 
             let pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
                 label: Some("shadow"),
@@ -473,11 +494,13 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                     module: &vs_module,
                     entry_point: "main",
                 },
-                fragment_stage: None,
+                fragment_stage: Some(wgpu::ProgrammableStageDescriptor {
+                    module: &fs_module,
+                    entry_point: "main",
+                }),
                 rasterization_state: Some(wgpu::RasterizationStateDescriptor {
                     front_face: wgpu::FrontFace::Ccw,
                     cull_mode: wgpu::CullMode::Back,
-                    polygon_mode: wgpu::PolygonMode::Fill,
                     depth_bias: 2, // corresponds to bilinear filtering
                     depth_bias_slope_scale: 2.0,
                     depth_bias_clamp: 0.0,
@@ -492,7 +515,7 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                     stencil: wgpu::StencilStateDescriptor::default(),
                 }),
                 vertex_state: wgpu::VertexStateDescriptor {
-                    index_format: Some(index_format),
+                    index_format: wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16,
                     vertex_buffers: &[vb_desc.clone()],
                 },
                 sample_count: 1,
@@ -515,9 +538,8 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                         wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                             binding: 0, // global
                             visibility: wgpu::ShaderStage::VERTEX | wgpu::ShaderStage::FRAGMENT,
-                            ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
+                            ty: wgpu::BindingType::UniformBuffer {
-                                ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                                dynamic: false,
-                                has_dynamic_offset: false,
                                 min_binding_size: wgpu::BufferSize::new(mem::size_of::<
                                     ForwardUniforms,
                                 >(
@@ -529,9 +551,8 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                         wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                             binding: 1, // lights
                             visibility: wgpu::ShaderStage::VERTEX | wgpu::ShaderStage::FRAGMENT,
-                            ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
+                            ty: wgpu::BindingType::UniformBuffer {
-                                ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                                dynamic: false,
-                                has_dynamic_offset: false,
                                 min_binding_size: wgpu::BufferSize::new(light_uniform_size),
                             },
                             count: None,
@@ -539,20 +560,17 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                         wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                             binding: 2,
                             visibility: wgpu::ShaderStage::FRAGMENT,
-                            ty: wgpu::BindingType::Texture {
+                            ty: wgpu::BindingType::SampledTexture {
                                 multisampled: false,
-                                sample_type: wgpu::TextureSampleType::Depth,
+                                component_type: wgpu::TextureComponentType::Float,
-                                view_dimension: wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2Array,
+                                dimension: wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2Array,
                             },
                             count: None,
                         },
                         wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
                             binding: 3,
                             visibility: wgpu::ShaderStage::FRAGMENT,
-                            ty: wgpu::BindingType::Sampler {
+                            ty: wgpu::BindingType::Sampler { comparison: true },
-                                comparison: true,
-                                filtering: false,
-                            },
                             count: None,
                         },
                     ],
@@ -581,11 +599,11 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                 entries: &[
                     wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
                         binding: 0,
-                        resource: uniform_buf.as_entire_binding(),
+                        resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Buffer(uniform_buf.slice(..)),
                     },
                     wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
                         binding: 1,
-                        resource: light_uniform_buf.as_entire_binding(),
+                        resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Buffer(light_uniform_buf.slice(..)),
                     },
                     wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
                         binding: 2,
@@ -600,8 +618,8 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
             });
 
             // Create the render pipeline
-            let vs_module = device.create_shader_module(&wgpu::include_spirv!("forward.vert.spv"));
+            let vs_module = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::include_spirv!("../resources/forward.vert.spv"));
-            let fs_module = device.create_shader_module(&wgpu::include_spirv!("forward.frag.spv"));
+            let fs_module = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::include_spirv!("../resources/forward.frag.spv"));
 
             let pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
                 label: Some("main"),
@@ -628,7 +646,7 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                     stencil: wgpu::StencilStateDescriptor::default(),
                 }),
                 vertex_state: wgpu::VertexStateDescriptor {
-                    index_format: Some(index_format),
+                    index_format: wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16,
                     vertex_buffers: &[vb_desc],
                 },
                 sample_count: 1,
@@ -653,7 +671,7 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
             sample_count: 1,
             dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
             format: Self::DEPTH_FORMAT,
-            usage: wgpu::TextureUsage::RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsage::OUTPUT_ATTACHMENT,
             label: None,
         });
 
@@ -665,8 +683,6 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
             forward_pass,
             forward_depth: depth_texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default()),
             light_uniform_buf,
-            entity_uniform_buf,
-            entity_bind_group,
         }
     }
 
@@ -699,7 +715,7 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
             sample_count: 1,
             dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
             format: Self::DEPTH_FORMAT,
-            usage: wgpu::TextureUsage::RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsage::OUTPUT_ATTACHMENT,
             label: None,
         });
         self.forward_depth = depth_texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
@@ -727,11 +743,7 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                     entity.color.a as f32,
                 ],
             };
-            queue.write_buffer(
+            queue.write_buffer(&entity.uniform_buf, 0, bytemuck::bytes_of(&data));
-                &self.entity_uniform_buf,
-                entity.uniform_offset as wgpu::BufferAddress,
-                bytemuck::bytes_of(&data),
-            );
         }
 
         if self.lights_are_dirty {
@@ -768,7 +780,6 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
             encoder.insert_debug_marker("render entities");
             {
                 let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
-                    label: None,
                     color_attachments: &[],
                     depth_stencil_attachment: Some(
                         wgpu::RenderPassDepthStencilAttachmentDescriptor {
@@ -785,8 +796,8 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
                 pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.shadow_pass.bind_group, &[]);
 
                 for entity in &self.entities {
-                    pass.set_bind_group(1, &self.entity_bind_group, &[entity.uniform_offset]);
+                    pass.set_bind_group(1, &entity.bind_group, &[]);
-                    pass.set_index_buffer(entity.index_buf.slice(..), entity.index_format);
+                    pass.set_index_buffer(entity.index_buf.slice(..));
                     pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, entity.vertex_buf.slice(..));
                     pass.draw_indexed(0..entity.index_count as u32, 0, 0..1);
                 }
@@ -800,7 +811,6 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
         encoder.push_debug_group("forward rendering pass");
         {
             let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
-                label: None,
                 color_attachments: &[wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachmentDescriptor {
                     attachment: &frame.view,
                     resolve_target: None,
@@ -827,8 +837,8 @@ impl framework::Example for Example {
             pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.forward_pass.bind_group, &[]);
 
             for entity in &self.entities {
-                pass.set_bind_group(1, &self.entity_bind_group, &[entity.uniform_offset]);
+                pass.set_bind_group(1, &entity.bind_group, &[]);
-                pass.set_index_buffer(entity.index_buf.slice(..), entity.index_format);
+                pass.set_index_buffer(entity.index_buf.slice(..));
                 pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, entity.vertex_buf.slice(..));
                 pass.draw_indexed(0..entity.index_count as u32, 0, 0..1);
             }